With
this age of rapid, open every day the doors to new knowledge from which
to get a lot of information concerning everything around us. In
spite of the ongoing human quest to understand the puzzles of nature,
it is too far in his first steps to reach the correct interpretation of
everything around him. And
that this interest has not forgotten to identify Doakhlh, so break the
locks, physical and psychological secrets in an attempt to reach his
destination of knowledge.
However Many are looking for, which is still unknown and is surrounded by a lot of darkness that it is impossible to identify and distinguish things. And here we are trying to knock the door of the secrets of one of our senses five, which is still intractable to understand in spite of half the long break in the interpretation of anatomically and functionally, and it was the turn this time to explain genetically, to identify the types of genes involved in the functions of the sense and the type of proteins produced and correct some misconceptions which was fairly common in the past.
Sense of smell puzzleGod gave man the five senses that enable him to understand what about it. It is the power of God Almighty to make sense of each mechanism of action different from the other, each member of which cells and nerves and receptors in particular, distinguish between them. Site and a link to the brain is not involved sense something in it, are not affected by the other senses in the cases of one site in the brain, with a correlation between these senses.
The olfactory senses of the most bizarre and difficult to understand, this sense that ranked Khach chemical, that is, they rely in their work on the effect of chemicals. Scientists can not yet explain its ability to discriminate between different odors, which estimated that a human can distinguish the type of 10000. But with that Researchers owe to the cells that participate in the process of smell beholden to explain some of the mysteries of this Sense, but there are still a lot of secrets that researchers are trying to overcome to reach a full understanding of the mechanism of action, and that dissolution will assist researchers to find the reason of having so many animals to sense smell, equivalent to 20 to 50 times as powerful sense of smell when the natural man, in addition to trying to treat patients who suffer from the disorder or loss of sense of smell, and finally the invention of devices mimic the nose in his abilities to smell and discriminate odors.
The process of smelling begins with the entry of particles flying very fine (less than 300 the size of molecule) to the nose, then access to an area called the region the olfactory, where the melting of these particles in the mucous layer thin surrounding this region, which are secreted by the glands of Bowman Bowman's glands, and then proteins present in the region mucous transferred to the receptors Olfactory Olfactory receptors, which are estimated to number about ten millions of the future, which is located on the roof overhangs very precise, called cilia Cilia, and relate to these receptors in turn nerves Olfactory that congregate in one area called the olfactory bulb Olfactory bulb, which These nerves send to the area of Alameklanda amygdala in the brain where smell is analyzed and identified. Included in the process of smell this large number of chemical processes and genetic that modern science is still unable to decode Tlassmha and learn their secrets.
It should here be pointed out some things that have a direct relationship sense of smell in an attempt to decode these hieroglyphs, including the special qualities that should be owned by the molecules of odor, these molecules must be very careful so as not to exceed 300 size of the molecular, and must be a few polar, and are soluble in water and fat. Another thing important should not be overlooked is that the area of the olfactory region in humans and in each Mnkhar does not exceed 5 cm square, while at the cats up to 25 cm square in dogs up to 50 square centimeters. The color of this region in humans tends to be yellow, while brown in color in dogs. Scientists due to the density of receptors and nerves in dogs in this region. In addition, the olfactory nerve own recipe for it apart from all other types of nerves is the presence of stem cells makes them underneath renewed every 40 days.
In addition to all of the above scientists have discovered in recent years, proteins found in the mucous region plays an important role in the process of smelling, is working on:
The transfer of molecules dissolved in the liquid to the mucosal receptors
The link that transmits the smell receptors in nerve signals to the brain.
Rid the region of the olfactory molecules through the old broken down, to give an opportunity for new molecules to reach the receptors.
Prevention of receptor molecules that increase the concentration of odor from the normal limit.
With this simple brief, which is something very small, which scholars knew, but there are many things that the scientists did not understand about the smell and how it is in this combination of proteins and receptors and nerves? , And how to distinguish by this mechanism between the different smells? , In addition to the presence of many neurotransmitters involved in this process did not specify the kind to date.
He added that a significant burden on medicine, where the suffering doctors of their inability to address the blind sense of smell, and despite the fact that this situation is moving dramatically to life, but researchers have noticed that the blind the ability to smell develop a state of depression and change in the nature of their lives. Because of a great relationship between the sense of smell, emotions, mood, memory, and the immune system and hormones in the body, and some arrived to say that there is a relationship between the sense of smell and social relations.
He developed many theories in this area, but it did not give a full explanation of the process of smelling, or failed to explain certain situations. So went the researchers now genetic techniques in order to resolve this issue, has provided us with these new technologies with new information was hidden from the researchers, however, that due to the fact that these techniques are still in their infancy, Understanding is full of such things are still far away, or as some like to say "We are in the first steps of a thousand miles."
Beginning of the puzzle-solvingThe neuroscientist Lourdes Katz before the start of his lecture at the Faculty of Medicine at Duke University in Carolina United States to open a bottle containing a substance with a very pungent odor. Many of his students leave their seats due to the endurance of the smell, while not affected by Katz, because it does not smell this smell. Such differences come in the sense of smell of the variance in the olfactory receptors, which is a protein present on the surface of the sensory nerves that determine the nature of the volatile chemical odor that link to respiratory Mjarina. We have a large number of these receptors, characteristics, and through which we can distinguish a large number of odors, which may number up to 10000 different kind. But without a full understanding of how to encrypt this information by the olfactory receptors.
Stewart says Verstin, a neuroscientist at Columbia University in New York State of America: "The nose of the best scouts chemical mammals in the world, and yet we still do not understand how it works." The team was the first to Verstin able to determine the molecular interaction between molecules and the future of a particular smell.
Scientists have identified through testing, that all the sensory cell carrying one type of receptors. And encode the receptors that are found only in mammals by a large family of genes. For example, the mouse has, which is characterized by sense of smell is very strong, nearly 1,200, mostly in the case of gene action. But in humans there is an almost inverted, the mutations occurred in two thirds of the olfactory receptor genes turned them into genes ineffective. As it seems, these receptors have lost their ability to work since our ancestors first result of mutations that occurred, as is the case for the visual ability to see the full colors. But although it is difficult to compare low sense of smell with the sense of sight, it is easy to determine the sensory cell that responds to the wave lengths of light in the cornea of the eye. Across the decades, neuroscientists use recording devices Aketrozifah Electrophysiological recording, to record and compile and analyze the responses to complex visual patterns.
Researchers could not in the sense of smell to build on such a basis fixed by article aromatic Single can be distinguished by the number of olfactory receptors, each of which the future can distinguish several types of odors. This means that the identification of any comfort is encrypted through a set of sensory cells. But the big problem lies in that the code is not solved until now, scientists have been known to smell a dozen now and only one of the olfactory receptors in mammals. And frankly more, the researchers were unable to determine which sensory nerve carries the future of one.
Put forward many theories that attempt to explain it, including that the mechanism of action here include the reorganization of one-way (non-inverse) of the acid Alraybe undiminished oxygen DNA for genes of the future olfactory, in a manner similar to what is happening in the beta cells of the immune B-cells in our immune system as it is cut and paste their genes to produce only one type of antibodies Antibodies. But the evidence was weak evidence to support that, in addition to the cloning technique that has wiped out this theory. When you copy a cell from a mouse beta individual, the immune system was born just one type of antibody. While when you copy a cell from a rat olfactory neurons mature, the resulting mouse had a diversity of olfactory receptors. This led to ask a new question is how do olfactory nerve, if not able to reorganize the genes for the production of future single? . To answer this question, says Randall Reed of Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Md., who has studied this problem: "He does not do so, each receptor is composed first and then specialize the work of one gradually." However, mutations that occurred in the olfactory receptor genes that led to these genes will remain effective but at the same time do not lead to the production of the future effectively.
Through the experience has been the work of the transmission of genetic in mice carrying a gene encoded receptor functioning and non-working, note the working group, led by Randall Reid and Hitoshi Sakano of the University of Tokyo, that if the appropriate nerve sensory of this gene, it encodes the future, effective immediately, leaving the future, the other is effective. And the fate of the cell will be determined this, and will work cell to produce the same future for the remaining life of the cell. But the process of ensuring that transformation of these genes in various cells, is still not clear. Perhaps because the genes must interact randomly with the type of molecules that are available to small amounts.
Sankoh has another theory, it is assumed that the future olfactory Jane needs to interact with an area stretching from the acid Alraybe undiminished oxygen DNA, known as controller area Okos Locus Control Region-LCR, consisting of some projections on the same chromosome. These can bypass the region that includes genes of smell, and this is what is trying to prove Sankoh, but that can happen to a single gene at a time. As for the set of these genes, it was noted that the disappearance of Sankoh small part in the control of Okos label site called e (H), will lead to the survival of this group of genes ineffective.
In spite of all these discoveries, but the full knowledge of how to produce in the future effectively by individual sensory cells will remain a dark area for some researchers to explain how these cells to recognize odors. To help break this code, researchers must first examine the interactions between the receptors and the different smells of each single cell. But it is very difficult to develop and isolate these cells from its surroundings, and this was born a big problem for researchers who tried to penetrate the code of smell, and its neighboring cells contain different receptors.
However, the workaround is also, through genetic engineering of cells, scientists will be able to make these cells more susceptible to cultivation in the laboratory and carry receptors on their surfaces. But efforts in this area also become frustrated because of a permanent failure in the transfer of olfactory receptors to the outer membrane of cells genetically engineered. Hiroaki trying Matsiunami of Duke University directed by these experiences from the neck of the bottle that has been reached. In his unpublished work, in which he mentions that the olfactory receptors need some help from one of types of proteins to find their way to the cell surface, if the introduced genes of the future and the genes that encode this protein into the cell together, you would find these receptors on its way to the surface. Matsiunami began using this method on cells that cells called Hana Hana - derived from the Japanese name for the nose - to detect any odor molecules will be identified by different receptors.
But this task is not that simple, new Vdleil came from work by a team led by Kazyoshik Tohara from the University of Tokyo, it is proposed that some odors can also close the olfactory receptors, rather than activated. This means that our noses cavities will be a battleground odors Knights compete with each other or close to activate receptors of smell. Have realized some of the production plants perfume the concept, worked to add molecules to their products to enhance the smell. When added to the mixture smells some perfume, some others will eliminate the odor or the smell of the mixture, which will change the Ncmha. David says to you, a neuroscientist at the University of Southern Wells in the city of Sydney in Australia: "We have a specific functional capacity and enable us to distinguish between three odors at a time." In addition, there are types of odors can be so strong smells overwhelm the other, or even eliminate their impact.
With all this, the scientists hope to someday be able to decode the future of the smell. Says Karina Dnnis, a journalist of the journal Nature, on the subject: "If scientists were able to decode the future of the smell, the passion for neuroscientists sense of smell will increase to reach to the site reached by their colleagues who have studied the sense of sight by decades from now, and will allow them this study the different cells of this system, and perhaps helps them to understand how to encrypt the information in stages and receptors is much higher than they are now. "Many will wonder Is that the loss of sense of smell is dangerous?. The answer will be yes. Because it is in some cases, be fatal, despite being largely harmless. But despite the sense of smell remains the first warning in many cases of emergency or toxic gas leakage in case of smoke by the fire. In some cases, loss of sense of smell is evidence of serious illness as a disease Alzheimer's disease or a malignant tumor types or malnutrition or certain psychological state. It was also noted that the loss of sense of smell, injuring a large number of patients had a depression. In addition to the loss of sense of smell led to the loss of much of the sense of taste is usually observed by patients.
However Many are looking for, which is still unknown and is surrounded by a lot of darkness that it is impossible to identify and distinguish things. And here we are trying to knock the door of the secrets of one of our senses five, which is still intractable to understand in spite of half the long break in the interpretation of anatomically and functionally, and it was the turn this time to explain genetically, to identify the types of genes involved in the functions of the sense and the type of proteins produced and correct some misconceptions which was fairly common in the past.
Sense of smell puzzleGod gave man the five senses that enable him to understand what about it. It is the power of God Almighty to make sense of each mechanism of action different from the other, each member of which cells and nerves and receptors in particular, distinguish between them. Site and a link to the brain is not involved sense something in it, are not affected by the other senses in the cases of one site in the brain, with a correlation between these senses.
The olfactory senses of the most bizarre and difficult to understand, this sense that ranked Khach chemical, that is, they rely in their work on the effect of chemicals. Scientists can not yet explain its ability to discriminate between different odors, which estimated that a human can distinguish the type of 10000. But with that Researchers owe to the cells that participate in the process of smell beholden to explain some of the mysteries of this Sense, but there are still a lot of secrets that researchers are trying to overcome to reach a full understanding of the mechanism of action, and that dissolution will assist researchers to find the reason of having so many animals to sense smell, equivalent to 20 to 50 times as powerful sense of smell when the natural man, in addition to trying to treat patients who suffer from the disorder or loss of sense of smell, and finally the invention of devices mimic the nose in his abilities to smell and discriminate odors.
The process of smelling begins with the entry of particles flying very fine (less than 300 the size of molecule) to the nose, then access to an area called the region the olfactory, where the melting of these particles in the mucous layer thin surrounding this region, which are secreted by the glands of Bowman Bowman's glands, and then proteins present in the region mucous transferred to the receptors Olfactory Olfactory receptors, which are estimated to number about ten millions of the future, which is located on the roof overhangs very precise, called cilia Cilia, and relate to these receptors in turn nerves Olfactory that congregate in one area called the olfactory bulb Olfactory bulb, which These nerves send to the area of Alameklanda amygdala in the brain where smell is analyzed and identified. Included in the process of smell this large number of chemical processes and genetic that modern science is still unable to decode Tlassmha and learn their secrets.
It should here be pointed out some things that have a direct relationship sense of smell in an attempt to decode these hieroglyphs, including the special qualities that should be owned by the molecules of odor, these molecules must be very careful so as not to exceed 300 size of the molecular, and must be a few polar, and are soluble in water and fat. Another thing important should not be overlooked is that the area of the olfactory region in humans and in each Mnkhar does not exceed 5 cm square, while at the cats up to 25 cm square in dogs up to 50 square centimeters. The color of this region in humans tends to be yellow, while brown in color in dogs. Scientists due to the density of receptors and nerves in dogs in this region. In addition, the olfactory nerve own recipe for it apart from all other types of nerves is the presence of stem cells makes them underneath renewed every 40 days.
In addition to all of the above scientists have discovered in recent years, proteins found in the mucous region plays an important role in the process of smelling, is working on:
The transfer of molecules dissolved in the liquid to the mucosal receptors
The link that transmits the smell receptors in nerve signals to the brain.
Rid the region of the olfactory molecules through the old broken down, to give an opportunity for new molecules to reach the receptors.
Prevention of receptor molecules that increase the concentration of odor from the normal limit.
With this simple brief, which is something very small, which scholars knew, but there are many things that the scientists did not understand about the smell and how it is in this combination of proteins and receptors and nerves? , And how to distinguish by this mechanism between the different smells? , In addition to the presence of many neurotransmitters involved in this process did not specify the kind to date.
He added that a significant burden on medicine, where the suffering doctors of their inability to address the blind sense of smell, and despite the fact that this situation is moving dramatically to life, but researchers have noticed that the blind the ability to smell develop a state of depression and change in the nature of their lives. Because of a great relationship between the sense of smell, emotions, mood, memory, and the immune system and hormones in the body, and some arrived to say that there is a relationship between the sense of smell and social relations.
He developed many theories in this area, but it did not give a full explanation of the process of smelling, or failed to explain certain situations. So went the researchers now genetic techniques in order to resolve this issue, has provided us with these new technologies with new information was hidden from the researchers, however, that due to the fact that these techniques are still in their infancy, Understanding is full of such things are still far away, or as some like to say "We are in the first steps of a thousand miles."
Beginning of the puzzle-solvingThe neuroscientist Lourdes Katz before the start of his lecture at the Faculty of Medicine at Duke University in Carolina United States to open a bottle containing a substance with a very pungent odor. Many of his students leave their seats due to the endurance of the smell, while not affected by Katz, because it does not smell this smell. Such differences come in the sense of smell of the variance in the olfactory receptors, which is a protein present on the surface of the sensory nerves that determine the nature of the volatile chemical odor that link to respiratory Mjarina. We have a large number of these receptors, characteristics, and through which we can distinguish a large number of odors, which may number up to 10000 different kind. But without a full understanding of how to encrypt this information by the olfactory receptors.
Stewart says Verstin, a neuroscientist at Columbia University in New York State of America: "The nose of the best scouts chemical mammals in the world, and yet we still do not understand how it works." The team was the first to Verstin able to determine the molecular interaction between molecules and the future of a particular smell.
Scientists have identified through testing, that all the sensory cell carrying one type of receptors. And encode the receptors that are found only in mammals by a large family of genes. For example, the mouse has, which is characterized by sense of smell is very strong, nearly 1,200, mostly in the case of gene action. But in humans there is an almost inverted, the mutations occurred in two thirds of the olfactory receptor genes turned them into genes ineffective. As it seems, these receptors have lost their ability to work since our ancestors first result of mutations that occurred, as is the case for the visual ability to see the full colors. But although it is difficult to compare low sense of smell with the sense of sight, it is easy to determine the sensory cell that responds to the wave lengths of light in the cornea of the eye. Across the decades, neuroscientists use recording devices Aketrozifah Electrophysiological recording, to record and compile and analyze the responses to complex visual patterns.
Researchers could not in the sense of smell to build on such a basis fixed by article aromatic Single can be distinguished by the number of olfactory receptors, each of which the future can distinguish several types of odors. This means that the identification of any comfort is encrypted through a set of sensory cells. But the big problem lies in that the code is not solved until now, scientists have been known to smell a dozen now and only one of the olfactory receptors in mammals. And frankly more, the researchers were unable to determine which sensory nerve carries the future of one.
Put forward many theories that attempt to explain it, including that the mechanism of action here include the reorganization of one-way (non-inverse) of the acid Alraybe undiminished oxygen DNA for genes of the future olfactory, in a manner similar to what is happening in the beta cells of the immune B-cells in our immune system as it is cut and paste their genes to produce only one type of antibodies Antibodies. But the evidence was weak evidence to support that, in addition to the cloning technique that has wiped out this theory. When you copy a cell from a mouse beta individual, the immune system was born just one type of antibody. While when you copy a cell from a rat olfactory neurons mature, the resulting mouse had a diversity of olfactory receptors. This led to ask a new question is how do olfactory nerve, if not able to reorganize the genes for the production of future single? . To answer this question, says Randall Reed of Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Md., who has studied this problem: "He does not do so, each receptor is composed first and then specialize the work of one gradually." However, mutations that occurred in the olfactory receptor genes that led to these genes will remain effective but at the same time do not lead to the production of the future effectively.
Through the experience has been the work of the transmission of genetic in mice carrying a gene encoded receptor functioning and non-working, note the working group, led by Randall Reid and Hitoshi Sakano of the University of Tokyo, that if the appropriate nerve sensory of this gene, it encodes the future, effective immediately, leaving the future, the other is effective. And the fate of the cell will be determined this, and will work cell to produce the same future for the remaining life of the cell. But the process of ensuring that transformation of these genes in various cells, is still not clear. Perhaps because the genes must interact randomly with the type of molecules that are available to small amounts.
Sankoh has another theory, it is assumed that the future olfactory Jane needs to interact with an area stretching from the acid Alraybe undiminished oxygen DNA, known as controller area Okos Locus Control Region-LCR, consisting of some projections on the same chromosome. These can bypass the region that includes genes of smell, and this is what is trying to prove Sankoh, but that can happen to a single gene at a time. As for the set of these genes, it was noted that the disappearance of Sankoh small part in the control of Okos label site called e (H), will lead to the survival of this group of genes ineffective.
In spite of all these discoveries, but the full knowledge of how to produce in the future effectively by individual sensory cells will remain a dark area for some researchers to explain how these cells to recognize odors. To help break this code, researchers must first examine the interactions between the receptors and the different smells of each single cell. But it is very difficult to develop and isolate these cells from its surroundings, and this was born a big problem for researchers who tried to penetrate the code of smell, and its neighboring cells contain different receptors.
However, the workaround is also, through genetic engineering of cells, scientists will be able to make these cells more susceptible to cultivation in the laboratory and carry receptors on their surfaces. But efforts in this area also become frustrated because of a permanent failure in the transfer of olfactory receptors to the outer membrane of cells genetically engineered. Hiroaki trying Matsiunami of Duke University directed by these experiences from the neck of the bottle that has been reached. In his unpublished work, in which he mentions that the olfactory receptors need some help from one of types of proteins to find their way to the cell surface, if the introduced genes of the future and the genes that encode this protein into the cell together, you would find these receptors on its way to the surface. Matsiunami began using this method on cells that cells called Hana Hana - derived from the Japanese name for the nose - to detect any odor molecules will be identified by different receptors.
But this task is not that simple, new Vdleil came from work by a team led by Kazyoshik Tohara from the University of Tokyo, it is proposed that some odors can also close the olfactory receptors, rather than activated. This means that our noses cavities will be a battleground odors Knights compete with each other or close to activate receptors of smell. Have realized some of the production plants perfume the concept, worked to add molecules to their products to enhance the smell. When added to the mixture smells some perfume, some others will eliminate the odor or the smell of the mixture, which will change the Ncmha. David says to you, a neuroscientist at the University of Southern Wells in the city of Sydney in Australia: "We have a specific functional capacity and enable us to distinguish between three odors at a time." In addition, there are types of odors can be so strong smells overwhelm the other, or even eliminate their impact.
With all this, the scientists hope to someday be able to decode the future of the smell. Says Karina Dnnis, a journalist of the journal Nature, on the subject: "If scientists were able to decode the future of the smell, the passion for neuroscientists sense of smell will increase to reach to the site reached by their colleagues who have studied the sense of sight by decades from now, and will allow them this study the different cells of this system, and perhaps helps them to understand how to encrypt the information in stages and receptors is much higher than they are now. "Many will wonder Is that the loss of sense of smell is dangerous?. The answer will be yes. Because it is in some cases, be fatal, despite being largely harmless. But despite the sense of smell remains the first warning in many cases of emergency or toxic gas leakage in case of smoke by the fire. In some cases, loss of sense of smell is evidence of serious illness as a disease Alzheimer's disease or a malignant tumor types or malnutrition or certain psychological state. It was also noted that the loss of sense of smell, injuring a large number of patients had a depression. In addition to the loss of sense of smell led to the loss of much of the sense of taste is usually observed by patients.
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